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You all missed the one other difference that makes .40S&W appealing to law enforcement over a 9mm or .45 acp: The increase in bullet weight over 9mm, at a higher sectional density than .45 acp, gives it better windshield and car door penetration. That's the real difference; it's momentum and density, not muzzle energy. A majority of police-involved shootings take place around cars, specifically during traffic stops, so that sells to them.