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thoughts
In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to conscious cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation. Their most paradigmatic forms are judging, reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and deliberation. But other mental processes, like considering an idea, memory, or imagination, are also often included. These processes can happen internally independent of the sensory organs, unlike perception. But when understood in the widest sense, any mental event may be understood as a form of thinking, including perception and unconscious mental processes. In a slightly different sense, the term thought refers not to the mental processes themselves but to mental states or systems of ideas brought about by these processes.
Various theories of thinking have been proposed, some of which aim to capture the characteristic features of thought. Platonists hold that thinking consists in discerning and inspecting Platonic forms and their interrelations. It involves the ability to discriminate between the pure Platonic forms themselves and the mere imitations found in the sensory world. According to Aristotelianism, to think about something is to instantiate in one's mind the universal essence of the object of thought. These universals are abstracted from sense experience and are not understood as existing in a changeless intelligible world, in contrast to Platonism. Conceptualism is closely related to Aristotelianism: it identifies thinking with mentally evoking concepts instead of instantiating essences. Inner speech theories claim that thinking is a form of inner speech in which words are silently expressed in the thinker's mind. According to some accounts, this happens in a regular language, like English or French. The language of thought hypothesis, on the other hand, holds that this happens in the medium of a unique mental language called Mentalese. Central to this idea is that linguistic representational systems are built up from atomic and compound representations and that this structure is also found in thought. Associationists understand thinking as the succession of ideas or images. They are particularly interested in the laws of association that govern how the train of thought unfolds. Behaviorists, by contrast, identify thinking with behavioral dispositions to engage in public intelligent behavior as a reaction to particular external stimuli. Computationalism is the most recent of these theories. It sees thinking in analogy to how computers work in terms of the storage, transmission, and processing of information.
Various types of thinking are discussed in the academic literature. A judgment is a mental operation in which a proposition is evoked and then either affirmed or denied. Reasoning, on the other hand, is the process of drawing conclusions from premises or evidence. Both judging and reasoning depend on the possession of the relevant concepts, which are acquired in the process of concept formation. In the case of problem solving, thinking aims at reaching a predefined goal by overcoming certain obstacles. Deliberation is an important form of practical thought that consists in formulating possible courses of action and assessing the reasons for and against them. This may lead to a decision by choosing the most favorable option. Both episodic memory and imagination present objects and situations internally, in an attempt to accurately reproduce what was previously experienced or as a free rearrangement, respectively. Unconscious thought is thought that happens without being directly experienced. It is sometimes posited to explain how difficult problems are solved in cases where no conscious thought was employed.
Thought is discussed in various academic disciplines. Phenomenology is interested in the experience of thinking. An important question in this field concerns the experiential character of thinking and to what extent this character can be explained in terms of sensory experience. Metaphysics is, among other things, interested in the relation between mind and matter. This concerns the question of how thinking can fit into the material world as described by the natural sciences. Cognitive psychology aims to understand thought as a form of information processing. Developmental psychology, on the other hand, investigates the development of thought from birth to maturity and asks which factors this development depends on. Psychoanalysis emphasizes the role of the unconscious in mental life. Other fields concerned with thought include linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, biology, and sociology. Various concepts and theories are closely related to the topic of thought. The term "law of thought" refers to three fundamental laws of logic: the law of contradiction, the law of excluded middle, and the principle of identity. Counterfactual thinking involves mental representations of non-actual situations and events in which the thinker tries to assess what would be the case if things had been different. Thought experiments often employ counterfactual thinking in order to illustrate theories or to test their plausibility. Critical thinking is a form of thinking that is reasonable, reflective, and focused on determining what to believe or how to act. Positive thinking involves focusing one's attention on the positive aspects of one's situation and is intimately related to optimism.
I might be getting one (stainless) I have had one in the past I reload so I can customize my loads I like 270 to 320s 900 to 1,100 fps but I might be wanting a double action my plans are to shoot for fun maybe hunt and a trail gun not sure on the trail gun as I have a G45 that might fit that job...
Today while the wife made a long Walmart run I went over to Cabellas in Hawks Prairie to see what I could see about guns, ammo, and reloading components. I stopped first at the primers, which for months have been a small shelf with individual 100 ct. sleeves of primers. No 1000 round boxes. When...
I am not sure if this is in the right topic or not, so please feel free to move. I do not have this insurance or any affiliation with this podcaster, but am curious as to what people think about what he has to say about it.
View: https://youtu.be/kzFOW4qjSYw?si=O7_9kVEtwuaSKQFG
I have a need to store a vintage rifle of shooter value in a storage case with a foam interior. The case while being stored will be subject to movement and vibration. I assume it would be best to have the rifle held as securely as possible to avoid as much movement between the metal and the...
Picked up the new (to me) S&W M&P 2.0 10MM 4 inch [I've had a Model 1006 and 1076 forever] no manual safety.
This is a great carry gun, stippling is amazing, great grip, adequate factory trigger...
A few "modifications" that worked for me to enhance the gun's utility...
Recoil Spring [...
I recently acquired a 25-284 in a Sako L57 rifle.
Obviously not original, neither the barrel or the stock.
Looking for thoughts on the caliber for those who've used it.
Have got all the dies to make it and convert 284 brass, along with some loaded rounds and extra brass.
Most likely will...
Greetings all! I'm hoping for some advice.
I have a nice Ruger 77/357 chambered in .357 Magnum that I bought from another member here some years ago. It has a 2X7 scope on it, is in a synthetic stock and I also have a nice walnut stock for it. It is an awesome gun and I like it pretty well...
Looking at investing into the Engima holster system. Anyone on here have success with running this setup? Will primarily be using a M&P 2.0 9mm 4" Compact with it.
Hi all,
I've been looking into picking up a PSA dagger (saw a good deal on PSA for two frames). Wanted to ask if anyone here owns and has shot their Dagger and what they think of it. The compact will likely become a carry pistol. Any issues with reliability? How's the accuracy? Any other...
I’m working threw what round I want to stock up a bit with.
Right now I have some Hornaday frontier 75g that was ok in my 16”. -3/4” with a quality optic at 100y. But I’m looking for other options or weights.
I’ll be buying. 1k or so. Prices are what they are. But I really don’t want to spend 3k...
I recently built an AR10/LR308 in .308 Win. and am looking for a scope for hunting but also for some long range plinking at 800-1200 yards. I have come across a factory refurbished Vortex Viper PST Gen 2 3-15x44 FFP with Mil reticle and turrets for a good price which seems to tick all of my...
I don’t know how many people have herd of these or exactly there full capabilities but they seem like a valuable tool. Anyone have an experience with these? Can mimic key cards for hotels and gates ect
I have a .223 bolt gun and a 300 win mag so thought I might fill in the gap between the 2 with a 25-06. I'm thinking of a Savage Axis II for Western Oregon Deer hunting. I have a old weaver 4X scope with a German Reticle that needs a home and think this would be a good place for it. I know the...
Hey, so with family life, I find I am needing to earn more money to ensure that we are comfortable, and possibly to put into savings for an eventual move... I'm thinking after @Knobgoblin 's commission, to take on some more for gear and packs?
These are my most recent examples of gear I've...
So, Ruger 556, medium profile carbine gas system barrel. I like the rifle, but want to shed some weight upfront. I'm thinking about faxon's 16in gunner profile barre, or going all the way to a pencil profile. Worth the trouble ? Since it’s wa I can’t buy a new rifle, so upgrades are my option.