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Sorry to make this a caliber thing. But something to consider since you cant always pack a rifle.
Glock 23 with 40 S&W 180 grain ammo. Year around. Same frame gun as the Glock 9mm -2 rounds of ammo.
Training videos show it will penetrate a metal post office drop box. And vehicles nicely.
Remember 40S&W exists because of 9mm's lack of penetration. [ So claimed the FBI]
Just ask yourself. Is 9mm gona reach the bad gut if he's shooting at you from inside a car. Or the aluminum frame of a store window? Or some other obstructions to your fire?
OK it takes a little imagination. But who gets to set up the rules of a gun fight once it's started.
All you can do is think what may happen and go prepared.
Hay. I'm gona be shooting from cover if I can. Wouldn't the bad guy?
Same size gun. Better penetration.
And a bullet can't perform in flesh. If it doesn't find any?
Remember. I said something to consider?
Iirc 40 exists because after the FBI switched to a uniform ammo of 10mm including special order MP5 s they discovered most couldn't handle the recoil in their issue sidearm
It exists because of the 1986 Miami FBI shootout. That found a lack of penetration with 9mm.
At the time there was no 40S&W so the FBI initially moved to 10mm.
After much testing they came up with a velocity they thought was necessary to get the penetration they were after with a 180 gr 10mm bullet.
S&W offered to make the 40S&W round [And the guns for it] based on the FBI"s velocity needs.
This new round could reach the FBI's desired velocity with a shorter 10mm/.40'' diameter casing.
And it's reduced length compared to 10mm made it possible to fit the new 40S&W round in 9mm frame size guns.
So. With the 9mm penetration failure in that Miami FBI shootout. And with a lot of FBI ballistic testing on the 10mm round. We have the 40 S&W round.
A round that penetrates better than 9mm. But not as good as the hotter 10mm round.