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carbon
Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.
Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is present in all forms of carbon-based life, and in the human body carbon is the second most abundant element by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen. This abundance, together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their unusual polymer-forming ability at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life.
The atoms of carbon can be bonded together in different ways: allotropes of carbon. The best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black, while diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek word "γράφω" which means "to write"), while diamond is the hardest naturally-occurring material known. Graphite is a very good conductor, while diamond has a very low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen.
The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil and methane clathrates. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date, which in turn are a tiny fraction of such compounds that are theoretically possible under standard conditions.
^ Conventional Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
^ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
^ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
^ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ a b c d e Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
^ https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
^ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
^ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
^ "Carbon – Naturally occurring isotopes". WebElements Periodic Table. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ "History of Carbon". Retrieved 2013-01-10.
^ "Biological Abundance of Elements". The Internet Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ "World of Carbon – Interactive Nano-visulisation in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE)". Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Chemistry Operations (December 15, 2003). "Carbon". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Custom ordered matching set of Gene Ingram #10 Drop Points.
New as delivered, never used. 2 year wait for delivery.
#10 Drop Points
Carbon fiber scales
D2 steel
Stainless pins
Red liners
Right hand belt pouch
$337.00 each. Payment by PayPal plus fee or as friends/Family. I leave the payment...
This is a great light duty Induro Carbon Fiber C114 tripod w/Induro DM12 ballhead. It's a compact 4 leg bipod that has pulled double duty as a tripod for varmint shooting and snapping family photos at Christmas.
It's perfect for a backpacking spotter/ rangefinder / bino setup.
Complete setup...
What types of materials do the major after-market stock companies fill their stocks with? Specifically composite stock models. I'm looking to make my own composite stock and need a point of reference to begin my research.
Thanks in advance
Brand new TOPS B.O.B. Brothers of Bushcraft camp knife. Comes with stock sheath and this gorgeous custom Carbon Fiber dangler sheath from Regalia. Comes in original box!bag. Sorry no trades. I paid $129 for knife and $99 for sheath. Local Portland area meet. Can ship if needed, buyer pays...
I have a bushmaster up for sale or trade for an sks. Rifle comes 4 pmags, a bipod, Sightmark red dot, cheap sling, and a spare stock and forend. 650$ obo,you come to me.
XLR Carbon for Rem 700 SA/RH
NIB, never used. Has 15" forend and rail for bipod attachment... action screws included and factory box.
Includes folder mechanism w/short tube.
$875 shipped
Beaverton, OR $40
Blackhawk serpa holster for 1911 with or without rails, left hand, new in box, carbon fiber finish.
Call or text Michael (503)349-7745
It should be here on Friday. After truncating it by 5 inches and replacing the tip it should be suitable for a "night on the town" in my "glad rags". The initial weight is 6 ounces, so it should be an easy carry and effective in a pinch.
Cold Steel makes some great products. From the Youtube...
brand new in box never used. Red Rhino carbon fiber sheath with firesteel, dangler, and custom mini bic holder. Also comes with original BK sheath, all new. Handle wrapped with tennis racket tape and comes with 2 spare rolls. $12.99 shipping in CONUS
$199
Won these at a drawing at IRCHA a few years back, and never got around to putting together a helicopter that uses them. Looks like KDS sells them for $40, so asking $30 firm.
Handl Defense carbon fiber rail. Cerekoted to match the factory buttstock FDE color. Federal drab is the color. These are out of stock at Handl and $445 + tax..
$400
Firm
ONLY trades are a Gen 4 FDE Glock 34 (plus cash from me) OR a case of M80 ball (1,000 rounds).
Brand New, never strung. Takedown Carbon Fiber hunting recurve bow. 60" Length, 50 lb draw. With all factory accs. Link here: http://www.lancasterarchery.com/w-w-black-wolf-recurve-bow.html
Asking $750, interesting trades considered.
This bow is ridiculous. Super-lightweight and pack-able. The...
Different diameters? Would using a cleaning rod rated for .22-.27 cal in a .30 cal cause issues? Being the frugal individual that I am, (Read cheap if you like), I'd rather not get two different rods at $39.00 each if it's not (too) necessary.
Thank You!
I have Sig 1911 Tac Pac, w/ custom oak burl wood grips. Not many rounds down the barrel. Looking for a Hoyt Carbon Spyder RH (or equivalent Matthews, etc.). It needs to be a fairly new bow. looking for a bow. I can meet at shooter service center or nw armory in Portland.