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Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory are named after the NAND and NOR logic gates. The individual flash memory cells, consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (floating-gate metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors), exhibit internal characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates.
Flash memory is a type of floating-gate memory that was invented at Toshiba in 1980, based on EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) technology. Toshiba commercially introduced flash memory to the market in 1987. While EPROMs had to be completely erased before being rewritten, NAND-type flash memory may be erased, written and read in blocks (or pages) which are generally much smaller than the entire device. NOR-type flash allows a single machine word (byte) to be written – to an erased location – or read independently. A flash memory device typically consists of one or more flash memory chips (each holding many flash memory cells) along with a separate flash memory controller chip.
The NAND type is found primarily in memory cards, USB flash drives, solid-state drives (those produced in 2009 or later), feature phones, smartphones and similar products, for general storage and transfer of data. NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROM or battery-powered static RAM. One key disadvantage of flash memory is that it can only endure a relatively small number of write cycles in a specific block.Example applications of flash memory include computers, PDAs, digital audio players, digital cameras, mobile phones, synthesizers, video games, scientific instrumentation, industrial robotics, and medical electronics. In addition to being non-volatile, flash memory offers fast read access times, although not as fast as static RAM or ROM. Its mechanical shock resistance helps explain its popularity over hard disks in portable devices.
Although flash memory is technically a type of EEPROM, the term "EEPROM" is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over non-flash EEPROM when writing large amounts of data. As of 2019, flash memory costs much less than byte-programmable EEPROM and had become the dominant memory type wherever a system required a significant amount of non-volatile solid-state storage. EEPROMs, however, are still used on applications that only require small amounts of storage, like in serial presence detect.
Flash memory packages can use Die stacking with through-silicon vias and several dozen layers of 3D TLC NAND cells (per die) simultaneuosly to achieve capacities of up to 1 terabyte per package using 16 dies and an integrated flash controller as a separate die inside the package.

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