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One of the factors of US expansion was the huge amount of immigration. There was tremendous demand for labor, much of it unskilled, and the standards of immigration laws reflected that. Many immigrants could not read or write in their native language, much less English, and they tended to live and work in areas where that native language was common. Employers used a bilingual foreman to communicate directions to the workers, and sometimes workers relied on their coworkers to show them what to do, and when.
This is a major reason for the rise in illiteracy during the 19th Century.
It was the children of those immigrants that learned English and moved up.
This is a major reason for the rise in illiteracy during the 19th Century.
It was the children of those immigrants that learned English and moved up.