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There are currently two earldoms of Mar in the Peerage of Scotland, and the title has been created seven times. The first creation of the earldom is currently held by Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar, who is also clan chief of Clan Mar. The seventh creation is currently held by James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar and 16th Earl of Kellie, who is also clan chief of Clan Erskine.
The earldom is an ancient one. The first named earl is Ruadrí, who is known to have been alive in 1128, though an unnamed earl is mentioned as being present at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. In 1435 the earldom was seized by King James II, and was then granted to several royal children who produced no heirs. The sixth creation was for James Stewart, illegitimate son of King James V, who was stripped of the title after a rebellion in 1565.
The title was then granted to John Erskine, a descendant of the original earls. In 1866 the then-earl died childless, and it was unclear whether the earldom should pass to his heir male or heir general. This ultimately led to the two decisions by the House of Lords which created the two earldoms. In 1875 the House ruled that the earldom given to John Erskine in 1565 was the seventh creation, not a continuation of the first, and that it should pass to heirs male. In 1885, however, the House passed the Earldom of Mar Restitution Act, which declared that the first creation of the earldom still existed and was held by the heir general of the original earls.
Several earls of Mar have been prominent in Scottish history. In particular John Erskine (d.1572) served as Regent of Scotland after the abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots, and John Erskine (1675–1732) was a Jacobite commander who fled to France.

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