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illuminated
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. In the strictest definition, the term refers only to manuscripts decorated with either gold or silver; but in both common usage and modern scholarship, the term refers to any decorated or illustrated manuscript from Western traditions. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted. Islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works.
The earliest extant substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period 400 to 600, produced in the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire. Their significance lies not only in their inherent artistic and historical value, but also in the maintenance of a link of literacy offered by non-illuminated texts. Had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity, most literature of Greece and Rome would have perished. As it was, the patterns of textual survivals were shaped by their usefulness to the severely constricted literate group of Christians. Illumination of manuscripts, as a way of aggrandizing ancient documents, aided their preservation and informative value in an era when new ruling classes were no longer literate, at least in the language used in the manuscripts.
The majority of extant manuscripts are from the Middle Ages, although many survive from the Renaissance, along with a very limited number from Late Antiquity. The majority are of a religious nature. Especially from the 13th century onward, an increasing number of secular texts were illuminated. Most illuminated manuscripts were created as codices, which had superseded scrolls. A very few illuminated fragments survive on papyrus, which does not last nearly as long as parchment. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on parchment (most commonly of calf, sheep, or goat skin), but most manuscripts important enough to illuminate were written on the best quality of parchment, called vellum.
Beginning in the Late Middle Ages, manuscripts began to be produced on paper. Very early printed books were sometimes produced with spaces left for rubrics and miniatures, or were given illuminated initials, or decorations in the margin, but the introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century but in much smaller numbers, mostly for the very wealthy. They are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages; many thousands survive. They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, and the best preserved. Indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting.
Excellent condition Leupold 1x14 prismatic Illuminated red OLED, etched crosshair scope with American Defense Auto Lock quick detach mount. No blemishes on glass surfaces. Perfect mount height for an AR.
$300. PayPal ok. Trade for Garmin InReach Explorer +. Shipping on your dime...
Leupold Mark 6 3-18x44mm Illuminated First Focal Riflescope
Specification: Leupold Mark 6 3-18x44mm 34mm, M5C2 Matte Illuminated Front Focal Tremor 3 170313
Product Code: LU-RS-LUMM6K6-170313
Model Number: 170313
This is a like new scope that has only been mounted and never shoot by me. I...
I have upgraded my rifle scope over Christmas to the 5
and have this
Excellent shape, and excellent Glass
Nightforce SHV C521
.250 MOA IHR Illuminated for Sale
it has been on my 270 for 2 years, and shot 8 times at range to sight in.
Excellent shape
Price $925 + shipping
No trades as I...
Palmetto State Armory top end on a Stoner Arms lower. Nickel bolt carrier group, BCM gunfighter charging handle, magpul furniture, sling, and 1 30 round magazine.
Not sure who made the trigger that's installed, but it has a very good pull.
Vortex Strike Eagle 1-6x24 illuminated scope.
Couple...
I have a lightly used SWFA 1-4 x 24 HD FFP optic. This has an illuminated reticle with multiple brightness levels. Will come with a Bobro quick detach mount and lens covers. I had this on my AR and rarely used it. No issues at all, and looks brand new. Would trade for Holosun HE510C-GRN
$415.00...
Lightly used Leupold Mark 6 3x18 FFP scope. Illuminated tremor 3 mil reticle. I will include the rings. 2500 obo. I will trade for a quality red dot + cash. Thanks.
Used, but not abused SWFA SS 1-4x24 w/ illuminated Mil Quad Reticle on S.S.A.L.T mount with Butler Creek caps all in very good condition.
Has the box and manual.
$300.
Am selling this air rifle scope for $50 OBO
Has been box or case kept all along. Sold the rifle and the buyer had others already.
I live in Tigard and would prefer not to ship but will at buyer’s expense. PM me to set up a conversation.
We all know the Vortex Razor Gen II is the gold standard for low power variable optics. The problem is that they're a little spendy. Here's the best alternative! The Viper Gen II is almost as good, but at almost half the price! It uses the same occular lense as the Razor so you get that giant...
Want a US military adopted variable power scope? Recently picked up by USSOCOM and in small numbers by the US Army, the Sig Tango6T is now officially mil-spec. This particular model is the SFP model and features a BDC reticle calibrated for the Army's new M855A1 round (hot 62gr) and has an...