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Cougars are not particularly difficult to kill, being lightly built with no thick boney slanted skull plates that a bullet may fail to penetrate or ricochet off of. Generally anything you carry in caliber or bullet type that is suitable for SD against humans is suitable for cougars. As with any handgun caliber, if the animal is right on you or nearly on you you need a shot to the brain or spine to stop it instantly. And unless the animal is stopped instantly it can kill you several times over while dying. But the same is also true of a .44mag. Even many deer with hearts destroyed by rifle rounds may run more than 100 yards before collapsing.i suppose this would be as good a place as any to ask if my 9mm would do me any good if i had to use it on a big cat. dont think i would want to stumble on one personally though.
I think the major weakness of the 9mm for SD against cougars is that where there are cougars there are also usually black bears. And the 9mm loaded with hp bullets will likely fail to penetrate a black bear skull. And 9mm round nose bullets are more likely to ricochet off the skull if bear is shot head on. Your best bet is a round flat nose hard cast or Keith style semiwadcutter hardcast. Its likely to penetrate nicely. Some people would sneer at any 9mm bullet for SD against black bears. I wouldn't. The more usual choices of handgun calibers for SD against black bears still require brain shots to incapacitate the animal instantly, which is critical if the animal is right on you or nearly so. And you might be more able to land that brain shot with a light recoiling gun with lots more than six rounds available. I'd feel comfortable with a high capacity 9mm with hard cast bullets for SD against either cougars or black bears. But against grizzlies not so. But we have no grizzlies here in Western Oregon. The 9mm also has serious advantages if you are attacked by a pack of feral humans, dogs, whatever. And one could argue a high caoacity 9mm is a better complement for a rifle, with the rifle providing serious power and long-distance capability and the 9mm capable of dealing with larger numbers.
Note there is a good bit of personal opinion involved in what is adequate for SD against whatever. Some people feel comfortable only with a rifle for SD against cougars or black bears. Most people are fine with a .357 mag up or a 10mm up. But when @Ura-Ki 's brother was attacked by a cougar while they were fishing, it was a good thing Ura-Ki was someone who believed in carrying a rifle for SD, as the cougar was far enough away to make it hard to hit with a handgun without risking hitting his brother. The brother had, BTW, put several 9mm shots into the body of the cougar, which didnt appear to notice and continued the attack. No surprise. If a bear or cougar is already on you only a head or spine shot is likely to incapacite him fast enough to save you.
Stories about .44 mag and even .308 and other rifle rounds failing to stop bears generally don't give the bullet type. For a hp rifle bullet or 44 mag hp its no surprise if it fails to penetrate. Bullet style MATTERS.