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A simple comparison test of hardness can be done with an Automatic Center Punch. These are spring-loaded, pointed punches with a sear mechanism that released the spring driven striker at precisely the same time as you push down on the heel of the punch. Quality units like Sterritt repeat the striking force with incredible uniformity. By comparing the size of the impact crater on your test piece with one made on a sample of known hardness, you can tell if there is any great difference. This is essentially what a laboratory hardness tester does, but the lab unit does it with much greater precision, and more importantly, calibration to known standards. In your case, you just need to know if your brass is much softer than normal.
Comparing a punch mark on several of your questionable cases with one on a known good case will tell you clearly if the brass was annealed.
Comparing a punch mark on several of your questionable cases with one on a known good case will tell you clearly if the brass was annealed.