reaction rod

A coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a general term for a variety of reactions where two fragments are joined together with the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (R = organic fragment, M = main group center) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction are cross coupling reaction.Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions.Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized:

Heterocouplings combine two different partners, such as in the Heck reaction of an alkene (RC=CH) and an alkyl halide (R'-X) to give a substituted alkene. Heterocouplings are called cross-couplings.
Homocouplings couple two identical partners, as in the Glaser coupling of two acetylides (RC≡CH) to form a dialkyne (RC≡C-C≡CR).

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