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filter
In statistics and control theory, Kalman filtering, also known as linear quadratic estimation (LQE), is an algorithm that uses a series of measurements observed over time, containing statistical noise and other inaccuracies, and produces estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more accurate than those based on a single measurement alone, by estimating a joint probability distribution over the variables for each timeframe. The filter is named after Rudolf E. Kálmán, one of the primary developers of its theory.
The Kalman filter has numerous applications in technology. A common application is for guidance, navigation, and control of vehicles, particularly aircraft, spacecraft and dynamically positioned ships. Furthermore, the Kalman filter is a widely applied concept in time series analysis used in fields such as signal processing and econometrics. Kalman filters also are one of the main topics in the field of robotic motion planning and control, and they are sometimes included in trajectory optimization. The Kalman filter also works for modeling the central nervous system's control of movement. Due to the time delay between issuing motor commands and receiving sensory feedback, use of the Kalman filter supports a realistic model for making estimates of the current state of the motor system and issuing updated commands.The algorithm works in a two-step process. In the prediction step, the Kalman filter produces estimates of the current state variables, along with their uncertainties. Once the outcome of the next measurement (necessarily corrupted with some amount of error, including random noise) is observed, these estimates are updated using a weighted average, with more weight being given to estimates with higher certainty. The algorithm is recursive. It can run in real time, using only the present input measurements and the previously calculated state and its uncertainty matrix; no additional past information is required.
Using a Kalman filter does not assume that the errors are Gaussian. However, the filter yields the exact conditional probability estimate in the special case that all errors are Gaussian.
Extensions and generalizations to the method have also been developed, such as the extended Kalman filter and the unscented Kalman filter which work on nonlinear systems. The underlying model is similar to a hidden Markov model except that the state space of the latent variables is continuous and all latent and observed variables have Gaussian distributions.
This was interesting. The K-12 School Shooting Database folks came out and said the quiet part out loud. They are often referenced and quoted by the big anti-gun orgs and recently came out and said, [paraphrasing], "The data points depend on who you ask and how you ask the question."
The crux...
Ford 6.2L cold air intake. Air flow sensor mounts on the pipe and has ports for the other smaller air tubes. Replaces the OEM air intake box and air filter lid. Pulled off my 2011 F150 as I don’t like cleaning filters.
$60. Can meet in Albany or Salem.
Can we filter the new ads section? I like the filter options for the individual ad groups but a filter for new ads or all groups would be nice. If you're not in a metro area, sometimes there's only a few ads in each section that are nearby and current.
Thanks!
I apologize if there is already a thread about this but I looked and didn’t find one. If there is please feel free to delete.
Will there ever be an option for people to set permanent filters? Example if I only wanted to see Oregon ads without having to set the filters to Oregon every time I am...
This is a well used IR filter (small crack and rubber is not perfect)
If you are a cloner or just want to complete a M951weapon light, this is a must have for you.
Picture of light taken from the web, light is not for sale
I take PayPal friends and family/Venmo
Shipping OK, S/H...
Water filter for a Frigidaire system model WF2CB. If you use this filter I can't explain it any better. We always have a spare handy and the fridge went belly up so we will make someone a deal on this unit that has never been installed. $35 OBO and will take factory ammo in trade. Retail is...
Hello,
Have and selling x6 unused surplus Gas masks. Comes with sealed filter and mil issue bag.
Model/Country;
French ARF-A
Total of 6 masks;
$55 each for singles
$270 for all 6, $45 each
Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks for looking!
1 new authentic isreli gas mask
2 mira 40mm filters brand new in box
$80 or trade for 100 rounds 9mm 115 grain factory or a vaultek lifepod safe local meet in gresham
This FS-TFC 4-Stage Portable Water Filter Pump 0.01 Micron Water Purifier is BRAND NEW IN SEALED BOX!
$60 Or Best Offer.
FS-TFC 4-Stage Portable Water Filter Pump 0.01 Micron Water Purifier Survival Gear 1.5L/Min Fast Flow for Personal or Small Group Hiking, Camping, Travel, and Emergency...
While attempting to search Classifieds for ANY ad by a particular user, only the OPEN ads are listed, and the Active Filter bar does not display anything for AD STATUS.
Attachment #1 shows filter set up for ANY status. Attachment #2 shows the filtered results from that set-up; only OPEN ads...
I have a few MSA NIB gas mask CBRN high capacity (not slim riot control) canisters.
5-year expiration date: 07/21 and 08/21
They are $40 each.
Filters have standard NATO 40mm thread.
They are still in factory sealed packaging in vacuum bags. Please see the pictures.
They should be good for...
I received these three filters with Romanian gas masks. They are new old stock, never issued. I already had new filters and do not need these three.
Manufacturing dates: 10/77; 05/80; 11/84
They are $18 each.
Filters have standard NATO 40mm thread.
They still have seal caps and plugs. Please...
For sale is my DJI FPV drone with drone/controller/goggles ($1,300), the DJI Fly More pack w/2 additional batteries and fast 3-position charger ($300), DJI Care plan ($300), an extra Goggles battery ($50), a professional waterproof hard case ($100), and a 4-pack of Freewell ND filters ($50)...